Practice of urban regeneration in London Docklands

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Practice of urban regeneration in London Docklands

Chinese papers League finishing. [Abstract] of the London Docklands urban renewal process, described in a number of urban renewal policies and the problems, through the Docklands region Comparison of before and after 17 years and kept their defect analysis, the establishment of market-oriented and encourage private capital to participate in urban development, urban development company established to promote regional economic development measures. [Keyword] London Docklands Development Corporation; City; enterprise zone 19 century London Docklands area is full of a vibrant scene, however, since the 1960s, Docklands area began to decline, triggering a series of economic and social problems. To eliminate this fading phenomenon, the region founded in the early 1980s, the London Docklands Development Corporation, the company completed its mission in 1998, the Docklands restore its former prosperity. Company to exit from the establishment, 17 years is the implementation of measures related to the British 20-year urban renewal policy changes on a microcosm. Today, some cities in China are facing areas such as Docklands presents from the boom - recession - and then to the prosperity of such a development process, so the City of London Docklands The study will draw on China's urban renewal has and significance. a London Docklands urban renewal process 19 century Docklands area was once the busiest in the world, one of the most important port . The area to enjoy a traditional port activities (including ship repair, food processing, mortgage and distribution) development and prosperity of the economy based on the unique way of life. Industrial development depends on tobacco, wood and fur and other imported raw materials. Mid-1930s, the development of Docklands reached its peak, annual sale of 35 million tons of goods, about 10 million people in the port-related work, of which 3 million people were directly employed in the port. Since then, the port needs a lot of complex technology, trade and management personnel, while the Docklands can not be met, the port started to decline from the glory. 1960-1970 era, the decline of Docklands began to increase, such as poor transport accessibility level, was severely damaged the environment, mass unemployment, poor housing conditions, poor infrastructure. All this shows that the task of urban renewal Docklands is very difficult. After the 1960s, people began to focus the future development of the port, the port's close attention Docklands area of future social and economic development. But people how to solve these problems have been unable to reach consensus. 1960-1970 era, people began to study about the future of Docklands. But the proposed plan and recommendations related to failed to provide a specific implementation strategy. As the local authorities and other departments did not win the consent of the public, but also ill-considered the prevailing market environment, so they proposed plan does not have practical significance. Especially in the 1970s, the recession led to Docklands businesses shuttered, the lack of investment, recession began to intensify. July 1977 the Government issued a white paper, showing the inner city is increasingly concerned by the government, but the long term, due to lack of financial resources, which are conducive to a major urban renewal projects is more difficult to implement. Docklands and its surrounding communities and the London transport system has been isolated, although from a geographical point of view, its proximity to central London, but because of poor roads, in essence, away from the central area of London, which Docklands area led to increased poverty. In 1981, the London Docklands Urban Development Area (UDA) was established, which is located in east London, the Thames River, west of the famous Tower Bridge, east to the Royal Pier. Urban Development Docklands area of 2,200 square hectares of land, water area of 162 square hectares, Waterfront 88.5 km long coastline, which belong to the most was the decline of the three areas of London: Hamlet Tower (Tower Hamlets) Niuhan Mu (Newham) and Southwick (Southwark). Zone most of the north shore of the Thames, including the maintenance level (Wapping), Lyme Hawes (Limehouse), Dog Island (the lsle of Dogs), Royal Pier (the Royal Docks) and Burke Dayton (Beckton), and Sa in the terminal (Surry Docks) and Bomengdesi (Bermondsey) in the south bank of the River Thames. In addition, another island in the dog has a separate business area (Enterprise Zone). 2 June the same year, the Government established the London Docklands Urban Development Corporation (LDDC), in his capacity as the principal of Urban Development Zones Docklands, began its work 17 years. Development company until 1998 to complete the mission. two London Docklands urban renewal process and the corresponding problems in the implementation of policies 1. The problems 1978-1983, LDDC area lost 12,000 jobs, the skills of local people, especially the level of blue-collar workers can not meet the needs of economic development in London. 1981 has 1014 companies within the region, providing 27,213 jobs. These jobs are more concentrated in food, tobacco, and transportation, information exchange, finance and other departments. UDA these sectors together accounted for 70% of the sum of all industries. 1981 年 UDA about 60% of the land and waters are abandoned, due to very high development costs, or even impossible to reduce the region's attractiveness to investors. In addition, in the LDDC area abandoned a large number of idle industrial land (see Table 1). Funds that do not want and no further development of the public sector takes up most of the land, the private sector accounted for only a relatively few of the land. Table 1 LDDC area abandoned, idle, unused land and water quantity land (ha) waters (ha) land and water (ha) percentage of total LDDC area (%) abandoned industrial buildings (a) 877 163 1040 59 .7 193 has been, LDDC Docklands spend a lot of money to improve external areas within the region and its accessibility to traffic conditions. In short, the road network are not well within the Docklands area and linked with other parts of London. In 1981, the railway network and not to the Docklands and surrounding areas to provide convenient and efficient service. Two main railway line to central London did not give direct services to passengers, passengers must transfer the subway links to other places. Docklands area bus as the main support of the public transport system. 1981, the Docklands area surrounding a mess, in addition to large tracts of abandoned land, but also there are many problems, such as the river is a mess in the area of land and dilapidated buildings 110 and so on. At this point, only 39,429 people living in the LDDC area, there are 48,352 people in 1971, 10 years, the population declined by 18.5%. At this time, urban development areas within the high 1.3% unemployment rate than London. In Docklands, few people own their own homes, 83% of the population lives in rental housing. In addition, although the report states that in 1981 Docklands in mortality in 9.2% higher than the national average, but the health status of residents in the area of information is still limited. And most of the same year LDDC lack the necessary infrastructure to meet the living facilities, schools and health centers located in the old and not comfortable room. short, through investigation, there is considerable Docklands area and more serious problems. Local residents in the area of dissatisfaction is the highest in other districts. Docklands scene showing a recession, the environment, land and transport problems have hindered the investor's investment in the area. More importantly, the five years prior to the establishment in the LDDC, the Docklands area of private housing construction is not true. 2.LDDC the process of urban regeneration in Docklands measures taken (1) the establishment of Urban Development Corporation and its characteristics 1979 年 Thatcher STEELE-led Conservative Party came to power, the government's policy shift to urban construction, market-driven urban renewal, to encourage private capital involved in urban development. The following year, the rehabilitation of the region, making efficient use of land and buildings to play, and create an attractive environment to ensure that housing and social service facilities to attract people to live and work in the region. To ensure the realization of these objectives, but also a range of powers given to Urban Development Corporation, of which the most controversial section 141 of the Act the order of the provisions on land ownership - the Secretary of State Urban Development Corporation and the approval of the Minister, may, without the public question, compulsory access to land in the public sector. Urban Development Corporation have two main sources of funding channels, one for each of the central government's financial allocation, other sources of public funds. Administrative relations. Urban Development Corporation directly under the central government, local governments above the top. The first two Urban Development Corporation, one of which is set up in November 1981 the London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC). The company's goal is efficient use of land and buildings, to encourage existing and new business development, create a more attractive environment to ensure high quality housing and social services to encourage people in this work and live. To achieve these goals, the company was given control over the development of its own authority and local transport and road infrastructure planning authority, with transportation and the local authority sector. , As follows: - initially the Ministry of Finance grants annually through the national environmental authorities from 60 to 70 million pounds - the development of control programs as an independent department, the development company can investors and developers to provide permanent service - fast from the public authorities to acquire land, granted by a special parliamentary procedures, to April gives enterprise zone authority for a period of 10 years, the dog is responsible for the development of the island business district. - with marketing, publicity Docklands power (2) the implementation of urban renewal in Docklands measures and significant results LDDC grams in the Road Lan process of urban renewal policies adopted in the following areas: - to address market failures. In 1981, in the Docklands area have lost all markets or lack of operation and management of land, housing and private housing, commercial activity,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], showing a picture of a decline. In this regard, LDDC has spent 10 years, has taken effective measures were appropriate treatment. Docklands is now a broader community to further the formation of the London labor market, and the downward trend in unemployment at the same time, the market still has a higher energy. - Docklands urban renewal in the process of public sector investment. Docklands can not do without the revival of a large number of public sector investment, these investments are LDDC direct investment, the tax dog island into enterprise zones and other public sector organizations, in particular investment in the transport sector in London. Assessed? In the Docklands urban renewal process, the public sector spent a total of 3.9 billion pounds, of which 1.868 billion pounds by the LDDC direct investment. Used to improve the cost of transport facilities accounted for almost half of the entire investment. - private sector investment. As of March 1998, the private sector in the construction of commercial buildings and housing investment 7.658 billion pounds, along with the rest invested in infrastructure and 650 million pounds on the location of UDA development sites to spend 417 million pounds, the private sector spend at least 87 billion pounds.