MAC Cosmetics UK Trends in developed countries, re

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Trends in developed countries, reform of social assistance

[Abstract] since the 20th century, since the late 90's, in order to overcome the social welfare system To this end, many countries have adopted a [Key words] social assistance reform, emphasized, and developed countries social assistance is the social security of the project first emerged a system of social welfare system is an important part of the main function is poor to meet basic needs and their families to provide socially acceptable minimum living. Elizabeth from the 1601 England issued the But the high level of social assistance system has a negative impact to the society. The more serious the problem is the so-called From the beginning in the late 90's, Western scholars began to reflect on social assistance, social assistance to Governments to reform the social security system reform as an important content put on the agenda. A A huge impact in the Anglo-American each person fulfill their obligations, to encourage the formation of self-reliance rather than dependency on welfare policy environment. In the United States, the nature of Clinton's welfare policy was a compromise, it is the unfettered market capitalism, right-wing ideas and concepts of social egalitarianism of left-leaning product of the combination. The Social Security Fairness and efficiency in solving the main difficulties in the Keynesian and the balance between neo-liberalism, the philosophy changed from the initial work of simple relief benefits (welfare-to-work), the general welfare transfer from the original with limited assistance, by the construction of the welfare state into the development of multifaceted cooperation. This shift is a sign of the increase in social assistance to work requirements. For example, single parents receiving assistance within two years of work requires at least 20 hours per week; 2000 and further increased to 30 hours per week, the core requirements of the family working at least 35 hours per week. U.S. federal government has also developed a social assistance benefit from family-friendly employment goals. In 1997, the requirements of social welfare beneficiary families to achieve at least 25% of employment, the nuclear family will have to reach 75%; households benefiting from social assistance in 2002 to 50% employment rate, the nuclear family will have to reach 90%. Did not complete the objectives will have to give the appropriate punishment, the first year will be reduced by 5% of the federal government funding, followed by subsequent increase in the annual reduction of 2%. While the original less than 20%), those who do not obey a more severe sanction. In order to facilitate the beneficiaries of social assistance to find jobs in the labor market, since 1997, state and local communities for those who enjoy the additional jobs, the federal government will provide some financial assistance. Funds are mainly used for the following: public or private sector wage subsidies;-the-job training costs; after job placement and employment services; community services; work support services. In the UK, in March 1998 the official publication of the Labour government welfare system on behalf of Tony Blair and principles of the direction of reform Green Paper - As a guide, the British government published a series of conditions on the progress of the reform and the disabled (long-term disease) benefits, widows benefits, child welfare and pension Insurance the system of individual welfare reform Green Paper and consultation documents. In the field of social assistance, the United Kingdom for the following four categories of staff in more stringent requirements: (1) the young unemployed. British Government to require unemployed 6 months 18 - 24 year olds must make a choice of four programs: in the private sector, employers receive assistance; in voluntary sector; in environmental protection; accepted full-time education or training. The first scenario, the employer shall provide training for one day a week, and must be paid, including wages, including the cost of training grants; Second, the program offers three 6-month placement, participants receive a week than Work Allowance Select a program of the last people one day per week to participate in the training, but also in receiving training can continue to enjoy the unemployed allowance. (2) single parents. British government has formulated a special plan of action, through work and to seek, advice and training to help single parents to find work. If necessary, you can study full-time again for those who provide child care for single parents. The plan recognized in the eight areas and begin to implement, in October 1998 will be extended to the country. ③ long-term unemployed. Since June 1998 has been an employer if the employment had been unemployed two years or more of the unemployed, available for 6 months £ 75 per week wage subsidy, of course, this plan strongly questioned by the parties, so delayed until October 1998 was implemented. People over age 50 can enjoy special assistance. ④ disabled or chronically ill people. These people also receive additional funds. Aims to help the disabled or chronically ill people find work, or help those who have worked to continue working. In short, through a series of measures to enable those who rely on welfare to survive the special high-risk groups (young unemployed, single parents, long-term unemployed and people with disabilities) go to work, get rid of welfare dependency; and build community in different sectors (including employers, voluntary organizations), local government and a new relationship between the central government. Addition to the UK and U.S. foreign countries, other developed countries demand more and more work. Most countries only require previously unemployed people to receive vocational testing, now required to accept expansion of the scope of this test. The Netherlands requires recipients who advocate the rights of people are forced to find work, including being excluded by the previous law Medicine or the social constraints of the people (including children under 12 years of age with single parents). Concept of welfare reform in New Zealand to highlight two key concepts: the active assistance and mutual obligation. Under the guidance of this concept,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], strengthened the single parents, the sick and the disabled the ability to work assessment, from 1 April 1997 start, with little or no child care responsibilities of the spouses of unemployed beneficiaries are also required to find full-time job, and in the past, these people do not have to bear any kind of work the test form. October 1998, New Zealand and the implementation of New Zealand is currently implementing two programs to help beneficiaries of the self,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the first program is called the opportunities and assistance. The second plan is to provide customers with services, including distribution for each recipient, a volunteer, the beneficiary is responsible for all transactions. In addition, many provinces in Canada also require single parents to participate in welfare work. Second, the
are looking for work; increased training efforts. 1. Increase the return on the work of the work in order to increase returns , OECD countries, a programmatic document in 2002 called for all countries whose tax system checks whether it is appropriate to increase their enthusiasm for work; take all possible measures to enhance the employment of disadvantaged groups beneficiary employment rate. In 2005, the beneficiaries of the total employment rate reached 67%, of which women's employment rate reached 57%, while in 2010, the beneficiaries of the total employment rate reached 70%,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], of which 60% employment rate of women, the employment rate of older 50 %. U.S. implementation of EITC is based on the theory, it can improve the enthusiasm of the poor work. Gradual increase in the amount of the credit period, the poor increased by 1 for each dollar of income, the federal government to increase by 40 cents, which is essentially the equivalent of a negative marginal income tax rate of 40%. Recent studies show that, EITC on labor supply in general had a positive impact on the employment rate of single mothers increased from 58.5% to 64.5%. The results show that the employment rate, of which 60% is due to EITC. October 1999, United Kingdom, people. At the same time a reduction in benefits from 70% to 55%. In addition, the United Kingdom to housing benefits and Council Tax relief extended to receive four weeks of time, that is, to find work, still able to enjoy nearly a month of relief. Turn this policy in 2001 to promote interest payments on the mortgage. In 1996, New Zealand has to work for the implementation of low-income families, The income of beneficiaries from 50 yuan (NZ) to 80 yuan, the Government will not consider reducing aid standards, so that people who work part-time income will not be reduced; special target groups (especially single parents and disability persons) of the income is between 80 yuan to 180 yuan, the recipients of the standard from 70% to 30%. In the same year, New Zealand single-parent families and lower income tax rate of the disabled. In Ireland, the In 2000, the result of re-employment or training period to revoke benefits extended from three years to four years. Moreover,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the investment benefits of the scheme increased by £ 2,000 in 1999, an increase of £ 5,000 in 2000. Germany has also taken a series of measures to strengthen the These adjustments are more powerful stimulus to go out of the welfare beneficiaries find work, but also provides a series of favorable conditions (such as employment benefits to the beneficiaries of the employer subsidy) to improve job opportunities for beneficiaries. 2. Create better conditions to help find a job many countries in the survey, job search assistance to help low-income families is an important measure. Beneficiaries for welfare states to do the skills assessment, many states also help individuals formulate development plans. For example, California's Other states have also implemented similar programs. Britain's In the This is 6 months, and 1200 euros to cover the cost of training workers. New Zealand's implementation of the In Austria, has since October 2000, in order to encourage older workers to be hired by employers do not need to hire workers over 50 years to pay unemployment insurance. In order to improve women's employment rate, Austria In Sweden, starting from August 2000, employers who hire the long-term unemployed - those who have 4 years or more unemployed people - to the 16 months in 75% reduction in labor costs, in the subsequent 18 months can be reduced by 25%.
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