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PostWysłany: Pon 9:17, 06 Gru 2010  

Prudence (or practical wisdom) is developed through teaching, more importantly through example, and most importantly through experience. Aristotle and others believed that is was difficult for the young to be prudent because they lacked sufficient experience. But youths should still be schooled in prudence and shown how it operates through the example of others.
Aristotle is one of the very few philosophers who probed deeply into the virtue of practical wisdom, or prudence. In his Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle distinguishes between “speculative wisdom” that is based on science or philosophy,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and “practical wisdom” (prudence) that involves moral or political actions. Moral actions aim at happiness while political actions have the common good as their goal.
Read on
Understanding the Cardinal Virtue of Fortitude
Understanding the Cardinal Virtue of Justice
Aristotle's Golden Mean
How Prudence is Developed and Applied
Practical Wisdom in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics
The Virtue of Prudence
Prudence serves both individual and political ends by guiding the choice of good and effective means for achieving positive goals of the individual or for the common good of society at large.
A person has developed the virtue (good habit) of prudence when he or she can deliberate successfully in complex circumstances and choose the best and right means to achieve a good and worthy end or purpose. A practical example might be in planning a party where alcohol will be available and teens would be in attendance. Courage (fortitude) is required to say no to teens who want to drink at a party and justice dema
Prudence is the fourth “cardinal virtue,” complementing the moral virtues of Justice, Temperance,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and Fortitude. It helps an individual devise effective plans for acting justly, or acting temperately, or acting courageously. Prudence differs from mere cleverness which can be used to select means to achieve bad ends as well as good ones. Prudence is always associated with moral virtue because it is the disposition or habit of choosing the best methods for achieving good ends or goals and never bad ones.
Because happiness is everyone’s goal, everyone needs moral virtue to be successful. But with so many temptations and obstacles in life it is very hard to be good. Prudence helps people in their pursuit of happiness by enabling sound judgments about what the best means are to achieve good ends in any circumstance. Practical wisdom is necessary because the means chosen must be good as well,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], or the actions are spoiled even though the ends are good ones. Good ends cannot justify evil means.
To be prudent is to be careful, but not timid. Much is at stake in human actions. The ultimate human end on earth is happiness, and, as Aristotle argues,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the moral virtues are necessary to achieve it (necessary but not sufficient because good fortune is also required for happiness over a whole lifetime).
Aristotle regarded the intellectual virtue of prudence and the moral virtues as interdependent. Prudence depends on the moral virtues aiming at the right ends so that it (prudence) can develop good means to reach them. For the moral virtues to achieve their good ends, prudence must be capable of selecting good and effective means of attaining those good ends.
Prudence is the intellectual virtue that guides the choice of means to achieve good ends. Also known as practical wisdom, it is the good habit of deliberation about which specific means are best with regard to things that are either good or bad for a person. Someone who is prudent demonstrates good character through consistently choosing praiseworthy means to attain worthy ends.
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