Development of rural interest groups and Its Impac

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Development of rural interest groups and Its Impact on the impact of grass-roots democracy

【Abstract】 With the economic development of rural society and the interests of progressive differentiation, has been formed, including rural farm laborers, including eight interest groups. However, these interest groups developed very immature. Because of its groups and organizations is not strong, consolidated interests of the poor expression and protection fatal flaw, rural interest groups is difficult to effectively play its role in restricting the power of grassroots, democratic management and democratic supervision system, so useless. Great efforts to cultivate interest groups in rural areas, will greatly enhance the ability of the villagers self-government to promote village-level democratic election system, the system of democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision system of the rule of law, the rural grass-roots democracy gradually embarked on the track of healthy development . Abstract title】 grassroots democracy in rural areas Key words / interest groups / villager autonomy / democracy 】【 the so-called interest groups, the body is to a particular interest, political views, value goals to maintain the people's group,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], which focused on behalf of, the expression of a particular group interests and demands, and representative government and people of influence, to develop its own interests and requirements of the policy. Its high level of interest group organization, more effectively overcome the common people in social and political life too weak situation. In China, interest groups in society an important role in political life has not attracted sufficient attention. As tradition, we all have systems and even the creation of democracy as a Government. But democracy must be the people's own creativity and their own efforts. And organized by individual interest groups to achieve this is to create a premise. In China, by the Government to promote grassroots democracy in rural areas the main problems that currently exist, such as the weakness of democratic management and democratic supervision, clan, religious forces and government control and other issues, most interest groups should be attributed to the very immature development. As interest groups in democratic political life, the significance of the situation of rural interest groups how the building of democratic politics in the rural areas it plays what role and how to cultivate interest groups such social organizations, etc., it becomes an urgent need to study and solve problems. First, the development of rural interest groups and its influence reform and opening up, the people's commune system, the farmer is a single identity of groups or classes, the farmers enjoy the same status , economic status and political status, that is no difference between the agricultural workers, non-discriminatory enjoyment of their joint ownership of collective property, without discrimination, the implementation of the average distribution of the individual in the labor process has the knowledge, skills, physical aspects not recognize all the difference. After the reforms, rural property system, property use system, employment system, income distribution pattern has undergone fundamental changes. As the socialist market economy development and improvement, especially in the second, the rapid development of tertiary industry, some farmers realized the career transition, farmers share of social resources, the situation has undergone tremendous changes. According to farmers of all production conditions, the occupation, the presence of wealth and income levels of the scale of the situation, culture, education, and in rural communities and the rights enjoyed by the difference between political power and other factors, we can in theory the farmers at this stage is divided into the following eight different interest groups: (a) general interests of agricultural laborers. This is a contract collective land to agricultural labor and agricultural income of rural workers, mainly composed of interest groups, is the largest of China's rural social groups of a population, or about 60% of the rural labor force. The main features of the interest groups are: low level of overall culture; possession of small scale of production per capita to dispersed business management; have greater independence and autonomy; hierarchy in rural communities are being dominated and was leaders, both shoulder the social responsibility of all provided important agricultural commodities, but also suffer from deep social burden at this stage the most bitter in rural areas, the most tired, the lowest income, the lowest social status groups in society. (B) the interests of migrant workers group. This is a in the township collective enterprises, urban secondary and tertiary industries engaged in labor-intensive rural non-agricultural interests. The number of this group after group of agricultural workers, their income is higher than the latter. The main features of interest groups: the collective ownership and production still has the right to use, the general also operates a small piece of land; received the training and the influence of industrial civilization to master certain skills and knowledge of modern production; has not cut off the umbilical cord with the peasant economy, with land, rural agriculture is still in close contact, both the characteristics of workers and peasants career. (C) workers interests of farmers. This is a employed by private business owners, individual businesses and to provide the ability to work with a wage income of rural workers, rural interest groups formed. The main features of interest groups: their relationship with the employer with some sort of labor between the capitalist nature of employment, all subject employers in the enterprise; their income is higher than the migrant workers, but the social status of migrant workers generally lower than ; occupational stress and work intensity is generally higher than the migrant workers, psychological stress suffered by migrant workers is much more serious than that. (D) interest group of intelligent professionals. This is a certain expertise in rural education, technology, culture, health care in rural areas such as intelligent professional interest groups composed of workers, accounting for 3.5% of the rural population. Most of them are young intellectuals to return home, farm out the door in the loss of further education opportunities, consciously or unconsciously chosen a path different from the ordinary farmers but can not escape from manual labor in rural areas and agriculture accounts of the road. They are rural modernization and development of rural commodity economy in the process of cultural and technical strength, is the vanguard of rural modernization in China. (E) individual business interests and individual workers. This is a labor of production are owned by individuals to self-employment and self-employed basis, return the fruits of labor of workers of personal possession or control, with special skills or management ability, work in a professional or small-scale industries operating independently , construction, transport, commerce, catering, repair, service and other business consisting of rural workers interests. The main characteristics of interest groups; very active member of thinking; and moral standards mixed; most people can be law-abiding business, on merit, efforts to earn a little wholesale and retail, among different regions, or a little difference in service fee; to the development of the rural economy, expand employment opportunities, and facilitate people's lives with other interest groups play an irreplaceable role. (F) the private sector the main interest groups. This is a privately owned production to wage labor-based operating profit organization composed of economic interest groups. The main features of interest groups: they have business people, financial, and material control over the production and management decision-making power, directing the allocation of rights and rights within the enterprise; the economy with higher income, political status and social prestige is not necessarily a high ; present within this group is facing new challenges and combinations of them using the tilt advantage of early stages of reform policies or through the drill policy, legal loopholes and to get rich first part of the comparison due to its quality of paper, no real market worry awareness, will be eliminated, and only another part of the high quality, with risk awareness, legal awareness, market development will be greater awareness of the private sector development. (Vii) rural collective enterprises management interests. This is a by including township and village collective enterprises, the director, manager, accounting, and supply the main person in charge of personnel departments, consisting of interest groups. The main features of the interest groups are: the management of their business decision-making power, command, and enterprise workers is the relationship between management and managed; they rise and fall of business, profit and loss responsibility, greater risk, income, political status relatively high social prestige. (H) managers of rural society, the interests of rural cadres. This is a member of the village committee, village Party branch members and villagers groups is composed of interest groups. The main features of interest groups: they are in rural areas of political, economic and social life of the main organizers of the collective ownership of property is the main representative of the party and the government principles and policies at the grassroots level of the specific actors; their status and income group in different communities due to the gap between the level of economic development are very different; their outstanding elements in the rural and social development leadership to rural community economic development, social progress plays a key role. The formation of the eight rural interest groups, both adapted to the rural market economy and democratic political development, but also to adapt to the pattern of the diverse needs of rural interests. In this inevitable with modern sectors of the rural differentiation, due to lack of congenital and acquired national development efforts to support the formal organization is not enough, the eight formally organized interest groups in addition to the traditional village party branch, the other interest groups, there are is not strong This needs to cultivate and develop their maturity.

Second, interest groups in rural areas to cultivate the sense of Villagers from rural democratization and modernization of the political level, the rural interest groups grow, mature and their political effective participation in the process will effectively promote the democratization of China's rural political development, modernization process and the achievement level, greatly promote the development of village self-government system and improve. First of all, to cultivate the interest groups in rural areas will greatly push forward the rural village-level democratic elections, rule of law system. Democratic elections in the sense of political power in an orderly competition. While any form of political competition in societies exist, but only in a democratic system established by society, political competition was a peaceful and orderly manner on the implementation of democracy and legal system. Different from the national political competition, political competition, the goal is not the village to obtain state power, but only village-level self-government organizations to gain management power. In 1987 the NPC Standing Committee adopted the It is clear that the village committee first directly elected by the villagers, thus beginning the prelude to village-level competitive elections. But in the act of the trial period, because it did not direct election of village-level procedure for specific provisions, which were truly open country village where competitive elections are not many, mostly to reflect the organization of elections by mobilizing. This election is not strong competition, although the electoral process is also candidate election, but the difference between the candidates, the one who is to choose the person who is selected to accompany those who have made prior arrangements with most of the prior election results default the same. At the time of our rural areas, state-dominated society, the color is very prominent, and the township government and the Village Election greater impact on the openness of village elections is not high, the villagers participate in the democratic election, democratic decision-making and democratic management of active lower. 1998, the new elections possible, and make difficult for them to intervene directly in formal organizations village elections. Means of competitive elections and the free participation of different people compete in this open competition, the organization's influence is far greater than the individual, so that the different organizations involved in a major dominant factor in competitive elections, in a sense , we can say that in our rural areas, the informal organization is the level of activity dominated electoral competition an important factor. However, as mentioned, is currently in our countryside, although the farmers are not entirely individual, but as an informal organization of the various interest groups in the development and maturity of not adapt to open the need for competitive elections, resulting in To be elected a candidate, only through some illegal means. First, through a wish, guests, gifts, etc. votes, engage in bribery; Second, using the clan and factional forces, the advantage of using power in numbers, tried to lobby, Luanla votes; third is to take the top line, the help of township government or the village party branch of the It can be said, is such an unhealthy, illegal, non-institutionalized elections, making the democratic election of such a fundamental part of democracy, serious taste in our countryside, distorted, greatly hinder the system of village autonomy development. In order to completely change the current democratic election of the embarrassing situation in rural areas, the only way is to cultivate the various interest groups, only the various interest groups of organization, cohesion, appeal greatly enhanced the democratic elections in rural areas in order to avoid vote-buying, clan grass-roots political power monopoly and control of a series of drawbacks, to embark on a healthy, orderly, rule of law of the road. Second, strive to foster rural interest groups will contribute significantly to the rural village of democratic decision-making system, the rule of law. Democratic decision-making is an important part of village autonomy, and its essence is to achieve decision-making body of the interests of the expression. Real political life, public decision-making is the result of the interaction between interest groups, various interest groups ordered according to the expression of interest is a reasonable basis and prerequisite for effective decision-making. In fact, a policy-making process that is competition between the various groups, and the government putting pressure on the government continued the process of responding, the results depend on the relative influence of interest groups - the number of number of members, the amount of wealth , organizational strength and weakness of the cohesion within the group, the level of leadership ability, the Group and the distance between government policy makers and other factors. The expression of interest is determined by different types of representatives of interest groups or individuals, through certain channels and the way to the ruling party, government and organizations at all levels to express their own interests and demands to achieve. Various interest groups which because of its structure and differences in social and political status, resulting in a variety of expressions of interest. If the interests of Western countries, the primary means of government decisions have a direct lobbying, court litigation, lobbying and indirectly influence the election and other means, then in terms of democratic decision-making of the village, only the villagers that the General Assembly and the General Assembly, two representatives of villagers The main interests of broad masses of peasants to achieve its ways of expression. However, due to lack of organized interest groups involved, many rural villagers in the General Assembly and Congress of the villagers were very irregular, from time to time to discuss the matter and no clearly defined rules of procedure, it is chaotic, non-existent, democratic decision-making power in rural areas were often swayed by the village committee or the village party branch, the peasants there is little opportunity to participate. The existence of such a situation a serious violation of the original intention of the implementation of village self-government system, a serious violation of the peasant masses of the democratic rights of ownership, must be thoroughly changed. The only way to change the various interest groups to cultivate and enhance the expression of various interest groups focused on community interests and the ability to achieve group interests, and enhance the cohesion of the various interest groups and appeal, various interest groups to mobilize active participation in democratic decision-making, thereby building up sound system and the democratic expression of the interests of decision-making system. Again, strive to foster rural interest groups will contribute significantly to the rural village of democratic management and democratic supervision system of the rule of law. If that is the basis for democratic elections, democratic decision-making is the core, then the democratic management and democratic supervision is the key. While the new Participating low, combined with most of the cultural level of farmers is not high, the general lack of democratic management and democratic supervision capacity, democratic management and democratic supervision village is not optimistic: neither do many other places in the village committee and village affairs, but also engage in democratic evaluation; some parts of the village cadres corruption and wantonly plundered the flesh and blood; some parts of the village cadres with clan factionalism forces oppress the people, all kinds of evil, evil; some parts of the village cadres arbitrariness, its own way, conceit, did not the opinions of the masses when going ... .... According to the State Council Development Research Center of Rural Economy Research Department survey data show that 85% of farmers that there is corruption in village cadres; 23% of rural cadres and peasants that the corruption of the future will be even more serious problem; 54% of farmers said the village is not open bar; 50% of farmers said the village did not have all the villagers held meetings. Such an abnormal phenomenon, the villagers autonomy cast a shadow of disgrace and a serious threat to the development of village autonomy. Can say that if we can not solve village-level democratic management and democratic oversight, and our system of village autonomy and development for value does not exist. In the current difficult for them to official government organizations involved in the case of village self-government to solve village-level democratic management and democratic supervision, the key is to rely on interest groups. Only the mobilization of interest groups so that they care about their interests, concerned about the collective interests and enhance the interests of safeguarding the collective consciousness of themselves and actively participate in village-level democratic management and democratic supervision, in order to solve this major problem in the villager autonomy, which the village-level democratic management and democratic supervision of the healthy track of the rule of law. 【Reference】 Wang Huning. Comparative political analysis [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1987. Almond. Comparative political analysis, processes and policies [M] - Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Press, 1987. Seymour • Martin, Lipusite. politicians - social foundation of the [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1997. should recover. the history of Western democracy [M ]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 1997. Zhao Shukai. plight of village-level organizations [J]. 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