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What happened next depends on the historians you read. Adrian Goldsworthy probably presents the most compelling argument, stating that the Romans, in accepting the appeal for help, were perfectly aware that war with Carthage would follow, but that it was necessary not to allow the Carthaginians to claim Messana for their own, and thus giving them a launching pad for a possible invasion of Italy. The sytem of government in Rome rewarded individuals for their military achievments, and thus political advancement and glory in battle were apparently synonymous. Rome going to war was almost n inevitability. The Romans apparently persuaded the Mamertines, probably covertly, to accept Roman help, and eject the Carthaginian garrison present in the city. The Mamertines duly did this, probably because of their shared Italian ancestry (Oscan speakers hailed from a Northern part of Italy) [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], and the Carthaginians, offended by this rebuff, duly switched sides, and backed Syracuse.
The First Punic War (264-241 was a struggle which ended in Cathage's submission to Rome, and which was the forebearer of two extra conflicts (the second of which being the famous foray of Hannibal into Rome). The place one has to look at to determine the original spark (or Cassus Belli as it were) of the First Punic War, is neither the Italian peninsula, nor North Africa, but rather, Sicily.
After certain lengthy battles, Rome had managed to subdue and force alliances upon the entire Italian peninsula, which meant that the island of Sicily was now very much on their borders, and whomsoever could control Italy had a literal corridor into Italy. At this time the dominant power in Sicily was Syracuse, ruled over by an oligarchial style system of tyrants. Carthage itself was dominant in the western end of Sicily, and was constantly trying to expand its influence there.
The Mamertines were a group of Oscan-speaking mercenaries who made up part of the army for the Syracusans [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], when the tyrant who hired them (Agathocles) died, they were suddenly out of favour with the new Syracusan leader (Hiero II), they were expelled and seemingly had no home. Messana, a city in the North East of Sicily (bear in mind the strategic value of this city in terms of peninsula Italy), allowed them into their city. The Mamertines then betrayed the Messanians [link widoczny dla zalogowanych], killing most of the men, and taking the women as their own wives.
Contextual Information at the Time of the First Punic War
The Issue of the Mamertines
Many factors need to be addressed when answering this question, and many sources need to be consulted. This article is of the opinion, however,
The Mamertines then went on a series of bandit-style raids, using Messana as their base. Naturally this was political gold, and Hiero II of Syracuse was eager to take advantage of this. He declared war on the Mamertines, and beat them in several skirmishes. The Mamertines then sent calls of aid to both Rome and Carthage. The actualy chronology of events of who responded when is unclear, but one thing we do know, is that the Carthaginians responded first, and pledged the Mamertines their aid. Rome followed this up with their own declaration of support. Clearly the idea behind this was that whomsoever was sucesful in aiding the Mamertines would essentially have political rights to the city of Messina, and two superpowers could not claim one city. The build up of friction between the two states was tangible. The stage was set.
Read on
Hannibal's Invasion of Italy
The Cause of the Second Punic War
Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome Compared
Who was the Real Aggressor in the First Punic War
Events Immediatly Prior to the First Punic War
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